Understanding Controlled Substance Use in Pets

What are controlled substances?

Controlled substances are medications or illicit drugs that affect the central nervous system and have the potential for abuse or dependence, both in humans and in animals.  These substances may also have severe side effects at higher doses.

Most medications used in veterinary medicine are considered non-controlled substances; however, certain conditions require the use of controlled substances - the most common being pain. 

Controlled substances are regulated by law to ensure their safe and appropriate use.

Are there different categories of controlled substances?

The United States has five categories or schedules of controlled substances, ranging from the highest potential for abuse and/or addiction (Schedule I) to the lowest potential for abuse and/or addiction (Schedule V).

Schedule I is those drugs that have no current medical use and a high potential for abuse.

Why might my pet need a controlled substance?

Controlled substances may be prescribed for various reasons in pets, including pain management, sedation, and anxiety or other behavioral disorders.

What types of controlled substances are commonly used in veterinary medicine? 

Controlled substances used in veterinary medicine include opioids (e.g., tramadol, morphine, and fentanyl), benzodiazepines (e.g., alprazolam), and certain sedatives and anesthetics.

How are controlled substances prescribed for pets?

State regulations define the conditions under which a veterinarian can prescribe controlled substances for a pet. Controlled substances must be prescribed by a licensed veterinarian who has established a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR). Your veterinarian may have other requirements before they can prescribe or dispense a controlled substance for your pet. Regulations can change, which may change your veterinarian's ability to prescribe certain medications.

Are there any risks associated with controlled substance use in pets?

While controlled substances can be effective for managing pain and other conditions in pets, there are potential risks, including side effects, drug interactions, and the potential for misuse or diversion if not stored and administered properly.

What should I know about administering controlled substances to my pet?

It's crucial to follow your veterinarian's instructions carefully when administering controlled substances to your pet. Use the prescribed dosage and administration route exactly as directed. Giving your pet’s controlled prescription medication to a different pet or human is illegal.

How should controlled substances be stored and disposed of safely?

Controlled substances should be stored securely out of reach of pets and children, in a locked cabinet or container that cannot be easily moved, with access limited to only those that need to administer the medication. Monitor the amount of medication remaining to ensure the expected amount is present. 

Dispose of unused or expired medication properly, according to local regulations, such as through a take-back program or by mixing it with an undesirable substance (such as coffee grounds or cat litter) and sealing it in a bag before disposal.

What should I do if I suspect my pet has ingested too much of a controlled substance?

If you suspect an overdose or if your pet is experiencing adverse effects, call your veterinarian immediately. If they are not available, follow their directions in contacting an emergency veterinary facility. Be prepared to provide information about the type and amount (or suspected amount) of medication ingested, as well as your pet's current symptoms.

How can I help ensure the safe use of controlled substances in my pet?

Take time to thoroughly discuss your pet's medical history, current medications, and any concerns you may have with your veterinarian. Closely follow your veterinarian's recommendations for monitoring and managing your pet's condition. If you have any questions or concerns, contact your veterinarian right away.

Where can I find more information about controlled substance use in pets?

Your veterinarian is the best resource for information about controlled substance use in pets. They can provide personalized guidance and recommendations based on your pet's specific needs and circumstances.

Controlled substances are often needed to manage pain and other conditions in pets and are relatively safe when used appropriately and under the guidance of a veterinarian. Be sure you understand the risks and responsibilities associated with controlled substance use and contact your veterinarian if you have any questions.